Abstract
During long-term tests, athletes are forced to eat according to the distance. The use of carbohydrate-electrolyte substances solves at least several tasks: improving sports performance, avoiding gastrointestinal disorders and maintaining health. The main transport energy form of carbohydrates in triathlon is glucose. At the same time, the absorption of glucose can be limited by the ability of enterocytes of the intestinal transport system. Current literature and methodology regarding the use of carbohydrate bars, gels, and solutions are still controversial regarding their use before, during, and after training. In addition, the relationship between the transport mechanism and the energygenerating oxidation of monosaccharides has not been fully revealed. The problem of optimizing carbohydrate energy supply in triathlon is relevant because it has a theoretical and practical nature. The purpose of the review study was to find out the mechanism of effective penetration of carbohydrates into the circulatory system, the speed of their exogenous oxidation and optimization of the method of nutrition for the distance in triathlon. The literature search was carried out using keywords in the PubMed electronic database. Research results and conclusions. Carbohydrates penetrate from the lumen of the intestine into enterocytes, and from them into the circulatory system with the participation of various carriers. Consumption of mixed types of carbohydrates (glucose + fructose + trehalose) increases the rate of absorption of carbohydrates by the gastrointestinal tract and the rate of their oxidation in body cells
Keywords
transport of carbohydrates; oxidation of carbohydrates; triathlon
References
[1] Baur D.A., Toney H.R., Saunders M.J., Baur K.G., Luden N.D., Womack C.J. (2019). Carbohydrate hydrogel beverage provides no additional cycling performance benefit versus carbohydrate alone. Eur J Appl Physiol. Dec;119(11-12):2599-2608. doi: 10.1007/s00421-019- 04240-4.
[2] Cermak N.M., van Loon L.J. (2013). The use of carbohydrates during exercise as an ergogenic aid. Sports Med. Nov; 43 (11):1139-55. doi: 10.1007/s40279-013-0079-0.
[3] Fuchs C.J., Gonzalez J.T., van Loon L.J.C. (2019). Fructose co-ingestion to increase carbohydrate availability in athletes. J. Physiol. 597:3549–3560. doi:10.1113/JP277116.
[4] Gonzalez J.T., Fuchs C.J., Betts J.A., van Loon L.J. (2017). Glucose Plus Fructose Ingestion for Post-Exercise Recovery-Greater than the Sum of Its Parts? Nutrients. Mar 30;9(4):344. doi: 10.3390/nu9040344.
[5] Hamada N., Wadazumi T., Hirata Y., Watanabe H., Hongu N., Arai N. (2022). Effects of Trehalose Solutions at Different Concentrations on High-Intensity Intermittent Exercise Performance. Nutrients. Apr 23; 14(9):1776. doi: 10.3390/nu14091776.
[6] Hamada N., Wadazumi T., Hirata Y., Kuriyama M., Watanabe K., Watanabe H., Hongu N., Arai N. (2021). Single ingestion of trehalose enhances prolonged exercise performance by effective use of glucose and lipid in healthy men. Nutrients.; 13:1439. doi:10.3390/nu13051439.
[7] Jeukendrup A.E., Jentjens R. (2000). Oxidation of carbohydrate feedings during prolonged exercise: current thoughts, guidelines and directions for future research. Sports Med. Jun; 29(6):407-24. doi: 10.2165/00007256-200029060-00004.
[8] Jeukendrup A.E. (2017). Training the Gut for Athletes. Sports Med. Mar; 47(Suppl 1):101-110. doi: 10.1007/s40279-017-0690-6.
[9] Kerksick C.M., Arent S, Schoenfeld B.J., Stout J.R., Campbell B., Wilborn C.D., Taylor L., Kalman D., Smith-Ryan A.E., Kreider R.B., Willoughby D., Arciero P.J., VanDusseldorp T.A., Ormsbee M.J., Wildman R., Greenwood M., Ziegenfuss T.N., Aragon A.A., Antonio J. (2017). International society of sports nutrition position stand: nutrient timing. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. Aug 29;14:33. doi: 10.1186/s12970-017-0189-4.
[10] Kuibida, V., Kokhanets, P., & Lopatynska, V. (2022). Heat shock proteins in adaptation to physical exertion. Ukr. Biochem.J.; 94, No. 2, March-April, 5-14. doi: https://doi.org/10.15407/ ubj94.02.005.
[11] Malone J.J., Hulton A.T., MacLaren DPM. (2021). Exogenous carbohydrate and regulation of muscle carbohydrate utilisation during exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol. May;121(5):1255-1269. doi: 10.1007/s00421-021-04609-4.
[12] Martínez-Olcina M., Miralles-Amorós L., Asencio-Mas N., Vicente-Martínez M., Yáñez-Sepúlveda R., Martínez-Rodríguez A. (2022). Ingestion of Carbohydrate Solutions and Mouth Rinse on Mood and Perceptual Responses during Exercise in Triathletes. Gels. Jan 9;8(1):50. doi: 10.3390/gels8010050.
[13] Odell O.J., Impey S.G., Shad B.J., Podlogar T., Salgueiro R.B., Rowlands D.S., Wallis G.A. (2022). Oxidation of independent and combined ingested galactose and glucose during exercise. J Appl Physiol (1985). Nov 1;133(5):1166-1174. doi: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00105.2022.
[14] Podlogar T., Wallis G.A. (2022). New Horizons in Carbohydrate Research and Application for Endurance Athletes. Sports Med. Dec;52(Suppl 1):5-23. doi: 10.1007/s40279-022-01757-1.
[15] Rosset R., Lecoultre V., Egli L., Cros J., Dokumaci A.S., Zwygart K., Boesch C., Kreis R., Schneiter P., Tappy L. (2017). Postexercise repletion of muscle energy stores with fructose or glucose in mixed meals. Am J Clin Nutr. Mar;105(3):609-617. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.116.138214.
[16] Rowlands D.S, Houltham S.D. (2017). Multiple-Transportable Carbohydrate Effect on LongDistance Triathlon Performance. Med Sci Sports Exerc. Aug;49(8):1734-1744. doi: 10.1249/MSS.0000000000001278.
[17] Sousa C.V., Nikolaidis P.T., Knechtle B. (2020). Ultra-triathlon-Pacing, performance trends, the role of nationality, and sex differences in finishers and non-finishers. Scand J Med Sci Sports. Mar; 30(3):556-563. doi: 10.1111/sms.13598.
[18] Trommelen J., Beelen M., Pinckaers P.J., Senden J.M., Cermak N.M., Van Loon L.J. (2016). Fructose Coingestion Does Not Accelerate Postexercise Muscle Glycogen Repletion. Med Sci Sports Exerc. May; 48(5):907-12. doi: 10.1249/MSS.0000000000000829.
[19] Trommelen J., Fuchs C.J., Beelen M., Lenaerts K., Jeukendrup A.E., Cermak N.M., van Loon L.J. (2017). Fructose and Sucrose Intake Increase Exogenous Carbohydrate Oxidation during Exercise. Nutrients. Feb 20;9(2):167. doi: 10.3390/nu9020167.
[20] Wadazumi T., Watanabe, K., & Arai, N. (2019). Effects of a single ingestion of trehalose during prolonged exercise. Sports. 7:100. doi: 10.3390/sports7050100.
[21] Wilson P.B., Rhodes G.S., Ingraham S.J. Saccharide (2015). Composition of Carbohydrates Consumed during an Ultra-endurance Triathlon. J Am Coll Nutr.;34(6):497-506. doi: 10.1080/07315724.2014.996830
[22] Yoshizane C., Mizote A., Yamada M., Arai N., Arai S., Maruta K., & Fukuda S. (2017). Glycemic, insulinemic and incretin responses after oral trehalose ingestion in healthy subjects. Nutr. J. 16:9. doi:10.1186/s12937-017-0233-x.
[23] Yoshizane C., Mizote A., Arai C., Arai N., Ogawa, R., Endo, S., & Ushio, S. (2020). Daily consumption of one teaspoon of trehalose can help maintain glucose homeostasis: A doubleblind, randomized controlled trial conducted in healthy volunteers. Nutr. J. 19:68. doi: 10.1186/s12937.